Notes for Exodus 15:1LEB
This chapter is a song of praise sung by Moses and the people right after the deliverance from the Sea. The song itself is vv. 1b–18; it falls into three sections – praise to Yahweh (1b–3), the cause for the praise (4–13), and the conclusion (14–18). The point of the first section is that Yahweh’s saving acts inspire praise from his people; the second is that Yahweh’s powerful acts deliver his people from the forces of evil; and the third section is that Yahweh’s demonstrations of his sovereignty inspire confidence in him by his people. So the Victory Song is very much like the other declarative praise psalms – the resolve to praise, the power of Yahweh, the victory over the enemies, the incomparability of Yahweh in his redemption, and the fear of the people. See also C. Cohen, "Studies in Early Israelite Poetry I: An Unrecognized Case of Three Line Staircase Parallelism in the Song of the Sea," JANESCU 7 (1975): 13-17; D. N. Freedman, "Strophe and Meter in Exodus 15, " A Light unto My Path, 163–203; E. Levine, "Neofiti I: A Study of Exodus 15, " Bib 54 (1973): 301-30; T. C. Butler, "‘The Song of the Sea’: Exodus 15:1–18LEB: A Study in the Exegesis of Hebrew Poetry," DissAb 32 (1971): 2782-A.
The verb is יָשִׁיר (yashir), a normal imperfect tense form. But after the adverb "then" this form is to be treated as a preterite (see GKC 314-15 §107.c).
"and they said, saying." This has been simplified in the translation for stylistic reasons.
The form is the singular cohortative, expressing the resolution of Moses to sing the song of praise ("I will" being stronger than "I shall").
This causal clause gives the reason for and summary of the praise. The Hebrew expression has כִּי־גָּאֹה גָּאָה (ki ga’oh ga’ah). The basic idea of the verb is "rise up loftily" or "proudly." But derivatives of the root carry the nuance of majesty or pride (S. R. Driver, Exodus, 132). So the idea of the perfect tense with its infinitive absolute may mean "he is highly exalted" or "he has done majestically" or "he is gloriously glorious."
The common understanding is that Egypt did not have people riding horses at this time, and so the phrase the horse and its rider is either viewed as an anachronism or is interpreted to mean charioteers. The word "to ride" can mean on a horse or in a chariot. Some have suggested changing "rider" to "chariot" (re-vocalization) to read "the horse and its chariot."
Notes for Exodus 15:2LEB
"Yah." Moses’ poem here uses a short form of the name Yahweh, traditionally rendered in English by "the LORD."
The word וְזִמְרָת (vézimrat) is problematic. It probably had a suffix yod (י) that was accidentally dropped because of the yod (י) on the divine name following. Most scholars posit another meaning for the word. A meaning of "power" fits the line fairly well, forming a hendiadys with strength – "strength and power" becoming "strong power." Similar lines are in Isa 12:2LEB and Ps 118:14LEB. Others suggest "protection" or "glory." However, there is nothing substantially wrong with "my song" in the line – only that it would be a nicer match if it had something to do with strength.
The word נָוָה (navah) occurs only here. It may mean "beautify, adorn" with praises (see BDB 627 s.v.). See also M. Dahood, "Exodus 15:2LEB: ‘anwehu and Ugaritic snwt," Bib 59 (1979): 260-61; and M. Klein, "The Targumic Tosefta to Exodus 15:2LEB, " JJS 26 (1975): 61-67; and S. B. Parker, "Exodus 15:2LEB Again," VT 21 (1971): 373-79.
Notes for Exodus 15:3LEB
"man of war" (so KJV, ASV). "Warrior" is now the preferred translation since "man of war" is more commonly known today as a warship. The expression indicates that Yahweh is one who understands how to fight and defeat the enemy. The word "war" modifies "man" to reveal that Yahweh is a warrior. Other passages use similar descriptions: Isa 42:13LEB has "man of wars"; Ps 24:8LEB has "mighty man of battle." See F. Cross, "The Divine Warrior in Israel’s Early Cult," Biblical Motifs, 11–30.
"Yahweh is his name." As throughout, the name "Yahweh" is rendered as "God" in the translation, as is typically done in English translations.
Notes for Exodus 15:4LEB
Gesenius notes that the sign of the accusative, often omitted in poetry, is not found in this entire song (GKC 363 §117.b).
The word is a substantive, "choice, selection"; it is here used in the construct state to convey an attribute before a partitive genitive – "the choice of his officers" means his "choice officers" (see GKC 417 §128.r).
The form is a Qal passive rather than a Pual, for there is not Piel form or meaning.
Notes for Exodus 15:5LEB
The verb form is יְכַסְיֻמוּ (yékhasyumu) is the Piel preterite. Normally a vav (ו) consecutive is used with the preterite, but in some ancient poems the form without the vav appears, as is the case frequently in this poem. That such an archaic form is used should come as no surprise, because the word also uses the yod (י) of the root (GKC 214 §75.dd), and the archaic suffix form (GKC 258 §91.l). These all indicate the antiquity of the poem.
The parasynonyms here are תְּהֹמֹת (téhomot, "deep, ocean depths, deep waters") and מְצוֹלֹת (métsolot, "the depths"); S. R. Driver says properly the "gurgling places" (Exodus, 134).
Notes for Exodus 15:6LEB
The form נֶאְדָּרִי (ne’dari) may be an archaic infinitive with the old ending i, used in place of the verb and meaning "awesome." Gesenius says that the vowel ending may be an old case ending, especially when a preposition is inserted between the word and its genitive (GKC 253 §90.l), but he suggests a reconstruction of the form.
Notes for Exodus 15:7LEB
This expression is cognate with words in v. 1. Here that same greatness or majesty is extolled as in abundance.
Here, and throughout the song, these verbs are the prefixed conjugation that may look like the imperfect but are actually historic preterites. This verb is to "overthrow" or "throw down" – like a wall, leaving it in shattered pieces.
The form קָמֶיךָ (qamekha) is the active participle with a pronominal suffix. The participle is accusative, the object of the verb, but the suffix is the genitive of nearer definition (see GKC 358 §116.i).
The verb is the Piel of שָׁלַח (shalakh), the same verb used throughout for the demand on Pharaoh to release Israel. Here, in some irony, Yahweh released his wrath on them.
The word wrath is a metonymy of cause; the effect – the judgment – is what is meant.
The verb is the prefixed conjugation, the preterite, without the consecutive vav (ו).
Notes for Exodus 15:8LEB
The phrase "the blast of your nostrils" is a bold anthropomorphic expression for the wind that came in and dried up the water.
The word "heap" describes the walls of water. The waters, which are naturally fluid, stood up as though they were a heap, a mound of earth. Likewise, the flowing waters deep in the ocean solidified – as though they were turned to ice (U. Cassuto, Exodus, 175).
Notes for Exodus 15:9LEB
W. C. Kaiser observes the staccato phrases that almost imitate the heavy, breathless heaving of the Egyptians as, with what reserve of strength they have left, they vow, "I will…, I will…, I will…" ("Exodus," EBC 2:395).
The form is נַפְשִׁי (nafshi, "my soul"). But this word refers to the whole person, the body and the soul, or better, a bundle of appetites in a body. It therefore can figuratively refer to the desires or appetites (Deut 12:15LEB; Deut 14:26LEB; Deut 23:24LEB). Here, with the verb "to be full" means "to be satisfied"; the whole expression might indicate "I will be sated with them" or "I will gorge myself." The greedy appetite was to destroy.
The verb רִיק (riq) means "to be empty" in the Qal, and in the Hiphil "to empty." Here the idea is to unsheathe a sword.
The verb is יָרַשׁ (yarash), which in the Hiphil means "to dispossess" or "root out." The meaning "destroy" is a general interpretation.
Notes for Exodus 15:10LEB
"But" has been supplied here.
Here "and" has been supplied.
The verb may have the idea of sinking with a gurgling sound, like water going into a whirlpool (R. A. Cole, Exodus [TOTC], 124; S. R. Driver, Exodus, 136). See F. M. Cross and D. N. Freedman, "The Song of Miriam," JNES 14 (1955): 243-47.
Notes for Exodus 15:11LEB
The question is of course rhetorical; it is a way of affirming that no one is comparable to Yahweh. See C. J. Labuschagne, The Incomparability of Yahweh in the Old Testament, 22, 66–67, and 94–97.
Verses 11–17 will now focus on Yahweh as the incomparable one who was able to save Israel from their foes and afterward lead them to the promised land.
S. R. Driver suggests "praiseworthy acts" as the translation (Exodus, 137).
Notes for Exodus 15:12LEB
The verb is the prefixed conjugation, the preterite without the vav consecutive. The subject, the "earth," must be inclusive of the sea, or it may indicate the grave or Sheol; the sea drowned them. Some scholars wish to see this as a reference to Dathan and Abiram, and therefore evidence of a later addition or compilation. It fits this passage well, however.
Notes for Exodus 15:13LEB
The verbs in the next two verses are perfect tenses, but can be interpreted as a prophetic perfect, looking to the future.
The particle זוּ (zu) is a relative pronoun, subordinating the next verb to the preceding.
This verb seems to mean "to guide to a watering-place" (See Ps 23:2LEB).
Notes for Exodus 15:14LEB
This verb is a prophetic perfect, assuming that the text means what it said and this song was sung at the Sea. So all these countries were yet to hear of the victory.
The word properly refers to "pangs" of childbirth. When the nations hear, they will be terrified.
The verb is again a prophetic perfect.
Notes for Exodus 15:15LEB
This is a prophetic perfect.
This verb is imperfect tense.
Notes for Exodus 15:16LEB
The two words can form a nominal hendiadys, "a dreadful fear," though most English versions retain the two separate terms.
The form is an imperfect.
The adjective is in construct form and governs the noun "arm" ("arm" being the anthropomorphic expression for what Yahweh did). See GKC 428 §132.c.
For a study of the words for fear, see N. Waldman, "A Comparative Note on Exodus 15:14–16LEB, " JQR 66 (1976): 189-92.
Clauses beginning with עַד (’ad) express a limit that is not absolute, but only relative, beyond which the action continues (GKC 446-47 §138.g).
The verb קָנָה (qanah) here is the verb "acquire, purchase," and probably not the homonym "to create, make" (see Gen 4:1LEB; Deut 32:6LEB; and Prov 8:22LEB).
Notes for Exodus 15:17LEB
The verb is imperfect.
The "mountain" and the "place" would be wherever Yahweh met with his people. It here refers to Canaan, the land promised to the patriarchs.
The verb is perfect tense, referring to Yahweh’s previous choice of the holy place.
Notes for Exodus 15:20LEB
See J. N. Easton, "Dancing in the Old Testament," ExpTim 86 (1975): 136-40.
Notes for Exodus 15:21LEB
The verb עָנָה (’ana) normally means "to answer," but it can be used more technically to describe antiphonal singing in Hebrew and in Ugaritic.
This song of the sea is, then, a great song of praise for Yahweh’s deliverance of Israel at the Sea, and his preparation to lead them to the promised land, much to the (anticipated) dread of the nations. The principle here, and elsewhere in Scripture, is that the people of Yahweh naturally respond to Yahweh in praise for his great acts of deliverance. Few will match the powerful acts that were exhibited in Egypt, but these nonetheless set the tone. The song is certainly typological of the song of the saints in heaven who praise Yahweh for delivering them from the bondage of this world by judging the world. The focus of the praise, though, still is on the person (attributes) and works of Yahweh.
Notes for Exodus 15:22LEB
The first event of the Israelites’ desert experience is a failure, for they murmur against Yahweh and are given a stern warning – and the provision of sweet water. The event teaches that Yahweh is able to turn bitter water into sweet water for his people, and he promises to do such things if they obey. He can provide for them in the desert – he did not bring them into the desert to let them die. But there is a deeper level to this story – the healing of the water is incidental to the healing of the people, their lack of trust. The passage is arranged in a neat chiasm, starting with a journey (A), ending with the culmination of the journey (A’); developing to bitter water (B), resolving to sweet water (B’); complaints by the people (C), leading to to the instructions for the people (C’); and the central turning point is the wonder miracle (D).
The verb form is unusual; the normal expression is with the Qal, which expresses that they journeyed. But here the Hiphil is used to underscore that Moses caused them to journey – and he is following Yahweh. So the point is that Yahweh was leading Israel to the bitter water.
The mention that they travelled for three days into the desert is deliberately intended to recall Moses’ demand that they go three days into the wilderness to worship. Here, three days in, they find bitter water and complain – not worship.
Notes for Exodus 15:23LEB
The Hebrew word "Marah" means "bitter." This motif will be repeated four times in this passage to mark the central problem. Earlier in the book the word had been used for the "bitter herbs" in the Passover, recalling the bitter labor in bondage. So there may be a double reference here – to the bitter waters and to Egypt itself – Yahweh can deliver from either.
The infinitive construct here provides the direct object for the verb "to be able," answering the question of what they were not able to do.
The causal clause here provides the reason for their being unable to drink the water, as well as a clear motivation for the name.
Many scholars have attempted to explain these things with natural phenomena. Here Marah is identified with Ain Hawarah. It is said that the waters of this well are notoriously salty and brackish; Robinson said it was six to eight feet in diameter and the water about two feet deep; the water is unpleasant, salty, and somewhat bitter. As a result the Arabs say it is the worst tasting water in the area (W. C. Kaiser, Jr., "Exodus," EBC 2:398). But that would not be a sufficient amount of water for the number of Israelites in the first place, and in the second, they could not drink it at all. But third, how did Moses change it?
The עַל־כֵּן (’al-ken) formula in the Pentateuch serves to explain to the reader the reason for the way things were. It does not necessarily mean here that Israel named the place – but they certainly could have.
"one called its name," the expression can be translated as a passive verb if the subject is not expressed.
Notes for Exodus 15:24LEB
The verb וַיִּלֹנוּ (vayyillonu) from לוּן (lun) is a much stronger word than "to grumble" or "to complain." It is used almost exclusively in the wilderness wandering stories, to describe the rebellion of the Israelites against Yahweh (see also Ps 59:14–15LEB). They were not merely complaining – they were questioning Yahweh’s abilities and motives. The action is something like a parliamentary vote of no confidence.
The imperfect tense here should be given a potential nuance: "What can we drink?" since the previous verse reports that they were not able to drink the water.
It is likely that Moses used words very much like this when he prayed. The difference seems to lie in the prepositions – he cried "to" Yahweh, but the people murmured "against" Moses.
Notes for Exodus 15:25LEB
The verb is וַיּוֹרֵהוּ (vayyorehu, "and he showed him"). It is the Hiphil preterite from יָרָה (yarah), which has a basic meaning of "to point, show, direct." It then came to mean "to teach"; it is the verb behind the noun "Law" (תּוֹרָה, torah).
U. Cassuto notes that here is the clue to the direction of the narrative: Israel needed Yahweh’s instruction, the Law, if they were going to enjoy his provisions (Exodus, 184).
Or "a [piece of] wood" (cf. NAB, NIV, NRSV, TEV, CEV); NLT "a branch."
S. R. Driver (Exodus, 143) follows some local legends in identifying this tree as one that is supposed to have – even to this day – the properties necessary for making bitter water sweet. B. Jacob (Exodus, 436) reports that no such tree has ever been found, but then he adds that this does not mean there was not such a bush in the earlier days. He believes that here Yahweh used a natural means ("showed, instructed") to sweeten the water. He quotes Ben Sira as saying Yahweh had created these things with healing properties in them.
"he"; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
"there he"; the referent (Yahweh) is supplied for clarity.
"for him" (referring to Israel as a whole).
This translation interprets the two nouns as a hendiadys: "a statute and an ordinance" becomes "a binding ordinance."
The verb נִסָּהוּ (nissahu, "and he tested him [them]") is from the root נָסָה (nasah). The use of this word in the Bible indicates that there is question, doubt, or uncertainty about the object being tested.
The whole episode was a test from Yahweh. He led them there through Moses and let them go hungry and thirsty. He wanted to see how great their faith was.
Notes for Exodus 15:26LEB
The construction uses the infinitive absolute and the imperfect tense of שָׁמַע (shama’). The meaning of the verb is idiomatic here because it is followed by "to the voice of Yahweh your Yahweh." When this is present, the verb is translated "obey." The construction is in a causal clause. It reads, "If you will diligently obey." Gesenius points out that the infinitive absolute in a conditional clause also emphasizes the importance of the condition on which the consequence depends (GKC 342-43 §113.o).
The word order is reversed in the text: "and the right in his eyes you do," or, "[if] you do what is right in his eyes." The conditional idea in the first clause is continued in this clause.
"give ear." This verb and the next are both perfect tenses with the vav (ו) consecutive; they continue the sequence of the original conditional clause.
The substantive כָּל־ (kol, "all of") in a negative clause can be translated "none of."
The reference is no doubt to the plagues that Yahweh has just put on them. These will not come on Yahweh’s true people. But the interesting thing about a conditional clause like this is that the opposite is also true – "if you do not obey, then I will bring these diseases."
The form is רֹפְאֶךָ (rofé’ekha), a participle with a pronominal suffix. The word is the predicate after the pronoun "I": "I [am] your healer." The suffix is an objective genitive – Yahweh heals them.
The name I Yahweh am your healer comes as a bit of a surprise. One might expect, "I am Yahweh who heals your water," but it was the people he came to heal because their faith was weak. Yahweh lets Israel know here that he can control the elements of nature to bring about a spiritual response in Israel (see Deut 8).
Notes for Exodus 15:27LEB
Judging from the way the story is told they were not far from the oasis. But Yahweh had other plans for them, to see if they would trust him wholeheartedly and obey. They did not do very well this first time, and they will have to learn how to obey. The lesson is clear: Yahweh uses adversity to test his people’s loyalty. The response to adversity must be prayer to Yahweh, for he can turn the bitter into the sweet, the bad into the good, and the prospect of death into life.